Any molecule with unpaired electrons must be aligned in the direction
of the magnetic field in an applied magnetic field, and this property of
the molecule is called paramagnetism, and a substance with this property
is called a paramagnetic substance.
Paramagnetism is a kind of weak magnetism. The main characteristic of
a paramagnetic substance is that the atom or molecule contains an
electron magnetic moment that does not completely cancel out, and thus
has an atomic or molecular magnetic moment. However, there is no strong
interaction between the atomic (or molecular) magnetic moments
(generally exchange interaction), so the atomic magnetic moments are in
a random (chaotic) arrangement under the influence of thermal
disturbances, and the atomic magnetic moments cancel each other and
there is no combined magnetic moment. However, when an applied magnetic
field is applied, these atomic moments, which were disordered under
thermal disturbance, tend to be disordered by both the magnetic field
and thermal disturbance, so that the total effect is that there is a
certain component of magnetic moment in the direction of the applied
magnetic field. This makes the magnetization rate (the ratio of
magnetization intensity to magnetic field intensity) positive, but the
value is also very small, generally the magnetization rate of
paramagnetic substances is about one part in 100,000, and increases with
the decrease of temperature.
Generally, atoms or molecules containing an odd number of electrons,
atoms or ions whose electrons do not fill the shell layer, such as
transition elements, rare earth elements, steel elements, and metals
such as aluminum and platinum, are all paramagnetic substances. Oxides
of nitrogen and salts of rare earth metals are also generally
paramagnetic substances.
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