Obtaining Germany high purity and monocrystals Germany with specified electrical properties\nWednesday, 07 February 2017\n\n\n\nGerman crystals used in the manufacture of straighteners, amplifiers, photonics and other devices must have certain properties: the necessary type of electrical conductivity (p - and n- conductors) and the specified value of electrical resistance. Conscious regulation of these properties is achieved by the introduction into Germany of a number of donor (arsenic, antimony, phosphorus, etc.) or acceptance (Indian gallium, aluminum, etc.) impurities. Depending on the purpose of use in some cases it is necessary to ensure even distribution of impurities in length and section of the bar, in other cases - the given change of impurities concentration and creation of monocrystals within which there are areas with different types of conductivity. To obtain Germany with certain electrical properties it is most convenient to proceed from Germany very high purity. By inserting impurities into such \"superpure\" germanium, it is easier to ensure its standard properties. Previously, Germany used polycrystalline ingots for the production of crystalline straighteners and amplifiers, from which the necessary plates were cut. However, in this case it is difficult to ensure the standard electrical properties, as part of the impurities are located on the borders of the seeds, which causes variations in electrical resistance. In addition, defects in ingot crystals and mechanical stresses in them have a significant impact on properties. Great success in improving and standardizing the properties of German crystals has been achieved by obtaining monocrystalline ingots from Germany, which do not have the disadvantages listed above. Thus, germanium crystals with certain electrical properties should be obtained in two stages :1. Obtaining Germany high purity;2. Obtaining monocrystalline Germany with specified properties by introducing donor or acceptance impurities. In the first stage polycrystalline or monocrystalline ingots of Germany are obtained. The latter are always cleaner, as the intercrystalline borders are excluded. In the second stage, only monocrystalline germanium is currently produced.\n\n\n\n\n\nFacebookclassmate mirtwitterlivejournalreception Germany recovery from waste processing coal recovery Germany from waste zinc productionsources of raw materials Germany germanyhydride germanyhalides germanygeranatyoxide Germany
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